Yield to Maturity

Roth IRA or Roth 401(k)?

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 13:51:54 GMT

I recently came across a post on X that sparked the idea to get into the differences between the Roth IRA and the Roth 401(k).

Each of these retirement savings vehicles allows someone to pay the tax upfront and upon reaching age 59.5, the funds can be distributed tax-free. Obviously, the tax-free distribution is a very sought after avenue for retirement savings.

If anything, I find that some folks love the certainty they feel around Roth dollars. They know what their balance is and this balance does not have an impending tax liability in the future, such as pre-tax dollars might.

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With that, I wanted to highlight some of the differences between a Roth IRA and a Roth 401(k).

Let’s start with the Roth IRA:

Generally speaking, this is an individual retirement account and not offered through an employer. (Although some states can require businesses to run a state sponsored Roth IRA in the event they do not have a qualified plan set up.)

Here are some characteristics of a Roth IRA:

They offer a very wide array of investment options. Very similar to a brokerage account.
They can offer penalty-free distributions of outright contributions. This is a very advantageous liquidity aspect of the Roth IRA.
They are not subject to RMDs during the owner’s lifetime.
The maximum for 2026 is $7,500 or $8,600 for those 50 or older.
There are income limitations to making outright contributions to the Roth IRA. This is something to pay attention to for high earners.

Here are some characteristics of a Roth 401(k):

401(k) plans can allow for loans up to $50,000 if the plan permits.
Roth contributions may be eligible for employer matching contributions.
The Rule of 55, which can allow for those who separate from their employer during or after the year they turn 55 to take penalty-free withdrawals from the 401(k).
They are not subject to RMDs during the owner’s lifetime.
Non-qualified distributions are taxed and penalized on a pro-rated basis. (Basis returned, earnings taxed and penalized.)
The maximum contribution varies and is significantly higher than the Roth IRA.
- $24,500 is the standard cap. $32,500 is the cap for those above age 50. $35,750 is the cap for those 60-63. The Mega Backdoor Roth may allow for those under 50 to contribute up to $72,000 and those over 50 to contribute up to $80,000.

Now, the post that sparked this piece mentioned only using the Roth 401(k) rather than the Roth IRA.

But I’d push back on that. Each of these retirement savings vehicles has their own advantages. It doesn’t have to be all or nothing. One can quite simply use both.I’d argue that using both would be more advantageous than only choosing one.

This is for informational purposes only and is not intended as legal, tax, or investment advice or a recommendation of any particular security or strategy. The investment strategy and themes discussed herein may be unsuitable for investors depending on their specific investment objectives and financial situation. Opinions expressed in this commentary reflect subjective judgments of the author based on conditions at the time of publication and are subject to change without notice. Past performance is not indicative of future results.

Two Important Deadlines

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 28 Oct 2026 12:55:41 GMT

As we head into the end of the year, there are two important deadlines when it comes to retirement savings. December 31st of the current year and April 15th of the year following.

Let’s start with the December 31st deadline. Generally, this is when 401(k) contributions through payroll must have been made.

I note this as an important date because 401(k) plans can generally only be funded through payroll deferrals. Missing this window may leave unused contribution room. For those looking to save more or sitting on excess cash, increasing deferrals may be a great avenue to furthering retirement savings going into the end of the year.

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In fact, I’ve written about this accelerated savings method before! Shoutout to the incoming class of first year Big Law associates!! Check that post out here for more.

It might not be a bad time to review total earnings as well! Pushing into that 32% bracket may make the case to switch from Roth deferrals to pre-tax deferrals. Consider any potential bonus compensation as well.

One more item, we’re approaching the tax-loss harvesting season. These too must be realized in the calendar year. It might be worth taking a peek at that brokerage account. Realizing losses may assist in deferring taxes on any realized gains throughout the year.

If you want more tax-loss harvesting content, look no further. Here is a great piece that I wrote last year around this time.

These small moves can make a significant difference for young professionals over the course of their careers.

Then we have the April 15th deadline. This is where IRA, Roth IRA, and HSA contributions come into play. Generally, contributions to these accounts can be made for the prior year until April 15th of the following year!

This gives us some additional time to ensure where we want to direct our funds. It can be particularly helpful for those that receive a more sizable bonus towards the end of the year and may be looking to stash some of that away.

As the year formally closes out, people will have a very good idea of where income lands for 2026. Keep in mind the income limitations for outright Roth IRA contributions. If you crushed it in 2026, the backdoor Roth may be the avenue to funding a Roth IRA! PS: Pay attention to any pre-tax balances in an IRA to avoid the pro-rata rule.

I always find that these deadlines are a great time to revisit the year’s financial progress. Take a look at what was saved to retirement plans such as the 401(k) or Roth IRA. Is there room to contribute a little more? Small amounts in these advantageous accounts can go a long way over someone’s lifetime. Heading into 2027 is a great time to map out new financial goals, especially if we have new insights to any raises or changes in compensation structures.

And if you’re looking to get your finances in order heading into 2027 with the help of a professional, you know who to reach out to.

Hitting a Stride

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 21 Oct 2026 12:51:32 GMT

Most of you know that I made some major changes in my move to NYC recently. Thus far, it’s been a whirlwind of opportunity and furthering connections.

During September, I attended Future Proof. This experience is always top tier and allows for some amazing networking opportunities with some of the best in the business.

I saw friends, ate steak with my bosses, and met some new people as well. We had an absolute blast. Some of these folks are doing remarkable things. They’re great people to know… the types of people who push you to work harder and want more each day.

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Here’s a whole bunch of us! From the left, you’ve got Phil Rosen,Tyler Jayroe, Alexandra Semenova, Heather and Doug!!

If you know me personally, you know I am a huge fan of Tom Lee. Here’s me, Doug and Tom in California at the opening reception!

At Future Proof, I got a chance to catch up with Brent Sullivan. I’ve mentioned him in the newsletter a few times. We devised a plan to record an episode of his podcast, The Albatross.

Teddy Fusaro, the president of Bitwise Asset Management joined the podcast. We had such a rhythm going during it, Brent realized he’d need to cut it into two separate episodes!

We talked about in-kind Bitcoin ETF creation and it was absolutely fantastic. Check it out here.

It’s funny writing these pieces sometimes. I’m always keen on finding a topic that I think folks will find intriguing. Sometimes I wonder if anyone would care to know about what’s actually going on in my life rather than just reading some financial planning topic.

So, today’s the day. We had Future Proof and I recorded a podcast with Brent. But since getting to NYC, I’ve done so much in between.

Business-wise, I’ve done more consultation calls in the last 3-months than I did in the 12-months prior. More young folks are coming into the workforce and some of the older Gen Z folks are graduating from their entry level jobs. (If you’re a young professional looking for financial planning, you know where to go!!) It is an amazing feeling to grow with your clients and feel like you’re in the same exact shoes as they are. Especially when you get to watch clients succeed year over year.

Networking-wise, I’ve met more people than I ever have. I’ve cultured relationships that I truly care about. Getting out for my friend Phil Rosen’s 30th birthday, meeting J.D. Durkin for a cocktail on a Friday, taking a few clients out for some drinks, attending the Altruist Build to Grow event, and then heading right over to Stocktwits Stocktoberfest.

Most recently, I went out with 5 amazing people. Some of which were already mentioned! Phil Rosen (CEO of Opening Bell Media), Alexandra Semenova (Strategist at Schwab), Carmen Reinicke (Equities Reporter at Bloomberg), Stephanie Aligia (Global Market Strategist at J.P. Morgan), and Josh Schafer (Barron’s Investor Circle Newsletter Editor and Fox Business Network co-host).

These folks are just absolute powerhouses. Since moving to the city, I’ve been able to culture these relationships and that’s not even the best part. Each of these folks I knew through the industry. They’re amazing connections. But now, I’m happy to call them friends. Something special happens when the corporate/professional veil is pulled down and you really get to know someone. They’re not only amazing in their work, but they are just outright awesome people.

An endless amount of things to do, people to meet, and places to go.

So, at the end of the day, it feels like I am turning the corner professionally. It’s a good feeling.

But it is also a very encouraging feeling. I’ve never felt more content yet hungry than I do right now.

It’s not uncommon to see people enter an upward spiral. All-time highs beget all-time highs, and this is true personally and professionally, not just for markets. I am watching this play out for many of my Gen Z peers.

We’re just scraping the surface of what I think can be accomplished, but for the first time since I passed the CFP® Exam, it feels like I am right where I’m supposed to be.

I’ve linked each of these amazing people’s information within the newsletter. I encourage you to check out everyone’s work. They are some of the brightest people in finance.

The Income ETF People are Relentless

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 14 Oct 2026 13:03:57 GMT

Everywhere I look online, people are focused on income. Wall Street knows this and a whole slew of income ETFs have now launched.

Many of these funds are covered call strategies. Fundamentally, covered calls generate premium through selling the potential upside on a holding.

Essentially, someone is saying, “Rather than take the chance of watching this stock go up, I’d like to be paid today and if it goes up, I won’t participate in that upside.”

Over long periods of time, we can see that selling the potential upside of equities may have adverse impacts on one’s portfolio.

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But alas, the people love the idea of income. Distributions from these funds can receive different tax treatments, including ordinary income, capital gains, or return of capital. Return of capital generally isn’t immediately taxable, instead reducing an investor’s cost basis. This can effectively defer taxation.

I think young folks (or anyone for that matter) should focus on total return for their goals. The number one thing I am concerned with in my own portfolio is the total return after taxes.

But these folks on X just keep shilling and what really grinds my gears is the comparisons they give you.

Essentially, I keep running into posts like this one below.

It drives me absolutely nuts. Sometimes when people see a terrible comparison, they’ll say, “This is like comparing apples to oranges.” But the post above is like comparing a tortoise to a Ferrari. It’s just not a fair comparison.

Sure, the income distributed from the funds may be much different, but failing to acknowledge the strategy of an income fund versus an index that would be more focused on capital appreciation is so silly. Additionally, an 11% distribution does NOT mean the fund generates an 11 return%!!! The fund can literally just return some of the capital contributed.

Total return is what I am concerned with. Also, in the event the distributions from the income fund are ROC or return of capital in excess of what the fund generated for investors, the fund is literally just distributing back the money someone put in.

That’s ironic to me. Just so everyone knows, anyone can create income from a portfolio through this magical thing called selling. However, selling allows YOU to choose when you wish to realize taxes and you can defer the taxes until you choose to sell.

Young folks have more access than ever to incredible financial education online, but we are also bombarded with absolutely asinine takes that can just be outright misleading.

It has never ever been more important to vet your sources.

Let’s talk yields.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 07 Oct 2026 12:32:27 GMT

Over the last few weeks, you’ve probably seen an article or headline talking about how the 30-year yield is the highest it has been since the early 2000’s.

Some take this as a note of caution, while others may see this as a very attractive rate. Ultimately, investors might be questioning whether they should be taking additional risk in the equities market or finding peace in what they might deem an attractive risk-free yield.

Quick shoutout to Hardika Singh, who researched the performance of tech stocks as the 10-year yield was rising and found that historically, tech stocks do better than the broader market relative to when the 10-year yield is dropping!

I’m not here to make any blanket recommendations to anyone. But the yield associated with Treasury bills, notes, and bonds should be considered carefully.

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Take this post below. At face value, that seems pretty nice.

But here’s the thing, especially for young investors, this yield is essentially fixed. Once bought, we know what the bond will mature for and we know what the coupon is going to pay us each year.

The potential headwind? Inflation.

Inflation can quickly erode this “attractive” yield over the course of time. As an example, if inflation were to pace 3.5% for the entire 30 years, the real yield could look entirely different from the sticker yield we see in the media.

PS: This is before taxes as well!! Interest from Treasury bonds may be state tax free, but federal taxes can quickly add a drag to the returns.

Just as an additional note, 30-years is a very long time period. These types of bonds, while guaranteed if held to maturity, are incredibly sensitive to changes in interest rates. The term for that is duration. The duration of a bond measures its sensitivity to changes in interest rates.

So, the principal of our investment might be guaranteed if we hold it for 30 years, but at any other point in time prior to maturity, it is possible the value of the investment actually goes down. Anyone who bought a long-term Treasury during 2020-2021 would be seeing a big decline in their investment as rates have increased.

Other folks are taking a look at TIPS as well. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities, which are designed to protect against changes in inflation by adjustments to the principal.

I am no TIPS expert. But I would also highlight this: TIPS principal adjustments are calculated using CPI-U. This rate may not be what you personally experience when it comes to inflation.

Additionally, the CPI-U weighting calculation itself is subject to change every two years. The weightings are updated and the measure we use to get our TIPS adjustment may not be the same as what it was when we first purchased the TIPS.

Finally, the actual methodology of the calculation can change. Of course, some of these adjustments may be necessary and could even be helpful. But that bet might be outside the scope of what inflation you personally experience.

In my opinion, this begins to look more like locking in purchasing power as dictated by how CPI-U is calculated, which is much different from locking in purchasing power as it directly relates to the inflation experienced by the purchaser.

Many of the headlines about Treasuries are looking to spark reactions. Making a rash decision because of a headline can work out very poorly. We must work to understand how changes in the market impact ourselves before making any drastic decisions.

Side note: I find it ironic that TIPS are gaining a lot of traction. Especially, when a significant amount of people do not trust the inflation calculation.

The diminishing returns of more.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 30 Sep 2026 12:56:52 GMT

I have the pleasure of working with young professionals. The best part of working with any young professional is that their potential is nearly unlimited.

That being said, it is not uncommon to see high achievers wanting more and more. Some people are saving and squirreling money away as the FIRE (financial independence, retire early) movement has encouraged people to save diligently at young ages.

But here’s the thing: You only get your youth once. So, I want to make the case for balance and give you an example of how money has a diminishing return as it pertains to our actual lives.

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Here’s an example: Consider a 26 year old. They’ve saved diligently since they began their career and have amassed an investable net worth of $100,000.

They earn $120,000 per year and aim to save $30,000. 25% of their annual income, by many rules of thumb, this is an incredibly strong savings rate.

But they are always shooting to save more. Stretching themselves thin in an attempt to reach that 30% savings goal or $36,000 annually.

So, let’s take a look at some math. We’ll assume an 8% annualized rate of return and a 35-year time horizon. Of course, these figures are hypothetical. We never allow past performance to be indicative of future results.

Our friend who saved $30,000 per year ends with $10,225,000. Wow! That is a significant balance and they’re likely sailing off into the sunset of retirement feeling great.

But what about our friend that stretched themselves thin to save juuuuust a little bit more?

No surprise, they did significantly better. Their 66-year old self now has an extra $1,600,000 to spend during retirement.

But here’s the thing… As crazy as it sounds, $10M at retirement and $12M at retirement are nearly the same exact thing in my opinion.

That extra $2,000,000, as large as it seems, adds nearly nothing to the super saver’s life that the other saver couldn’t have themselves. And again, this is at age 66. The additional $2,000,000 is much less likely to move the needle for someone at that age.

But here’s where we need to take a moment. The individual who saved $6,000 less on an annual basis got to spend that. They got to spend it while they were young. Nights out, dinners, experiences, travel, etc.

$6,000 annually at age 26 might mean a world of difference. Someone might be able to live more comfortably and have significantly more experience than their super saver counterparts.

Speaking from my own experiences, I think that the $6,000 per year would serve me much better as a young person than the difference of $10M and $12M would serve me at age 66.

To round this up, when the foundation is put in place at a young age, additional sacrifice may not be needed to still end up “wealthy” at retirement. Everything is about balance but at the end of the day, money’s utility has a diminishing value.

I see many young savers that may feel anxious about their savings rate and begin stretching themselves very thin in order to put more away. Sometimes additional context around the potential future balances can allow someone to have a more balanced approach and enjoy their youth just a tad more.

Understanding how money can be used currently, how it can grow, and how it can compound for the future is my definition of respecting and valuing money. For some, it is hard to strike that balance, but balance is so important.

Deferred, not erased.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 13:08:33 GMT

Recently, Treasury came out with some potential scrutiny around tax-aware offerings across the industry.

Bloomberg added their own coverage on the topic. I’d argue their title was “clickbait-y.” The sub-title reads, “Cliff Asness’s AQR supercharged tax-loss harvesting, erasing IRS bills for the wealthiest.”

While some of the tactics are in regard to AQR’s specific offerings such as their tax-aware long-short strategies, which can generate significant losses, I think it’s important that we differentiate between tax-deferral and taxes being erased.

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It is much easier to explain this using direct indexing as it is a long-only strategy. If you need a refresher on direct indexing, be sure to check out this article.

There is no better way to visualize what I mean when I say that direct indexing and harvesting losses is a deferral strategy than Brent Sullivan’s recent visual. Also, if you don’t follow Brent but want to know more about the world of tax-awareness, be sure to check out his website.

Before we unpack everything in the visual, I want to highlight something that many people overlook. Note the dotted line. It starts at $100,000 and upon the loss being realized, the basis is then reset to $70,000.

Stated simply, if we start with $100,000 and we realize a $30,000 loss, we only have $70,000 left over to create new basis with.

This is exactly why we’d consider it a deferral tactic. We now have a much lower basis than we would have. However, there is the potential for tax arbitrage. This is again, not “erasing” any gains. It is just opportunistically taking a loss to be used against a gain that’d be taxed at a higher rate (short-term capital gains) and then realizing a larger gain down the line at more favorable rates (long-term capital gains).

It is very similar to a pre-tax 401(k) contribution while someone is in a high bracket and looking to distribute the funds when income is lower in retirement!

Nonetheless, there are very few ways in which capital gains can be erased. They include death, charitable giving, and arguably Qualified Opportunity Funds. We won’t cover QOF today, but they can offer a combination of elimination and deferral.

So, at the end of the day, I think the Bloomberg article was a little aggressive and overlooked the idea of the basis resetting, which could lead to more gains down the line. A harvested loss may defer a tax bill, but that does not mean that the tax bill has been completely wiped away.

Executing the strategy properly could definitely result in tax arbitrage, but the gains are not erased, just deferred. This is what the idea of “tax-alpha” revolves around, not necessarily erasing capital gains entirely.

This material is for informational and educational purposes only and is not investment, tax, legal, or estate planning advice. Cryptocurrency and cryptocurrency-related investments involve significant risks, including volatility and possible loss of principal, and may not be suitable for all investors. An ETF may address certain considerations associated with direct cryptocurrency ownership but does not eliminate investment risk and involves its own risks, fees, and expenses. The transaction and outcome described were based on specific facts and circumstances and should not be considered representative of results that other investors may experience. Similar outcomes are not guaranteed and may not be replicated. The availability, costs, eligibility, and tax treatment of an in-kind transaction vary based on the transaction and individual circumstances. Investors should consult appropriate tax and legal professionals.

Extended Duration Volume 1

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Sat, 12 Sep 2026 13:37:10 GMT

Hi everyone!

This is the first of a series I am starting called Yield to Maturity: Extended Duration.

I wanted an opportunity to share some of the most fascinating things I experienced recently and figured when better to publish special editions than a Saturday morning? I am still working on the cadence of this series. It may be sporadic, depending on when something really interesting happens.

Over the last month, I observed one of the coolest things thus far in my career. So cool that even other advisors reached out to learn more about the process.

I have been following the crypto ETF space for a while. I was always aware of the process I am about to outline. However, minimums deterred many from executing.

Two other parties assist in facilitating these transaction but nonetheless, knowing these parties existed and the work they did was very helpful.

Let’s get into it.

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As our hypothetical, assume someone was an early adopter of bitcoin.

They’d held it for years and they currently had a position worth over $10,000,000 in just this one holding. They might be apprehensive to continue to self-custody. They might also be interested in many other items that are generally served better from a traditional finance lens.

Right now, people have more options than ever to “bridge” from the De-Fi space to the Trad-Fi space.

Whenever cryptocurrency enters the picture, it is not uncommon to see one spouse that is deemed a “crypto native” and one spouse being out of their depth when it comes to managing outright cryptocurrency holdings.

A crypto native would have experience with self-custody, cold wallets, hot wallets, and institutional custody. Self-custody is when an individual holds their cryptocurrency outright. This can be done with a “hot wallet,” or an online wallet, or through the use of cold storage wallets that are not tied to the online world.

However, when the other spouse is not familiar with how to manage these items, a large issue can arise. I’d even go as far as to call it “key-persons risk.”

This poses a significant risk to the holdings. In the event one spouse does not have any experience on this front, it can be wildly hard to manage. Without a clear understanding of at least the basics, this $10,000,000 position could nearly be deemed a liability.

Outside of the key-person risk, it is important to take into consideration some additional hurdles that holding outright crypto can bring.

On the gifting front: Any gift recipient would need to be somewhat well versed in crypto themselves. They’d need to know how to receive the asset, track the basis, and log the sale using a cryptocurrency exchange.

On the estate planning front: Funding trusts with outright crypto can be a serious hassle. There are just some hurdles here that can be truly a drag. Setting up a wallet, worrying about security, etc.

On the borrowing front: Many look to borrow against their low-basis positions to fund any type of venture; expenses, other investments, home purchases, etc. And this can be done “onchain,” which means on a blockchain itself. But then another whole slew of risks enter the picture. Using hot wallets, platform security, on top of the borrowing risk.

The solution? An in-kind ETF creation.

With the rise of cryptocurrency ETFs, people can hold their preferred cryptocurrency within an ETF wrapper. In my opinion, the ETF serves as a bridge from the De-Fi (decentralized finance) world to the “Trad-Fi” (traditional finance) world.

The ETF can sit in any standard brokerage account, basis transfers over from the initial spot holdings, and the risks outlined above are largely mitigated. It can be borrowed against, gifted with ease, and used to fund any number of trusts either for legacy, estate, or tax planning.

The crypto ETFs are interesting because they offer in-kind creation. You hand over your crypto holdings and they provide you with the equivalent amount held within an ETF. Of course, this costs a small fee. But I was surprised to learn the cost of this transaction was relatively nominal.

There would also be a fee associated with the ETF itself. However, many major institutional crypto custodians are charging fees as well.

Recently, there was a major decrease in the amount needed to facilitate an in-kind creation. Certain providers are offering in-kind exchanges in the range of $1,000,000 - $3,000,000 as the minimum.

Through one of the ETF issuers as well as an authorized participant, there is the ability to facilitate an in-kind creation. The ETF issuer manages the ETF and the authorized participant has the ability to create or redeem shares of the ETF.

The outright holdings are then transferred to the authorized participant and in just about 2 days (can vary significantly based on how quickly someone completes the onboarding process), the ETF shares can be held in a brokerage account for the household.

Simple as that. The household can now have a more traditional avenue in managing their holdings, while maintaining their cost basis. Resulting in essentially zero tax implications for moving to the ETF wrapper as the transaction is done in-kind.

This is genuinely one of the most intriguing things I’ve observed. There is so much going on in this planning and wealth advisory space and new solutions for niche areas of planning are coming out almost every month.

I’ll try to drop one of these Extended Duration newsletters once a month, but don’t hold me to it! We’ve been busy and things are seemingly taking off around here!

Fee Sensitivity

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 09 Sep 2026 12:51:40 GMT

Recently, my pal Fran Walsh commented on a meme I posted on Twitter/X. For whatever reason, the fee sensitive crowd has gotten super loud. Many love to highlight the costs of a financial advisor who charges a fee.

I can make a few different arguments in favor of advisors who charge a fee. First of all, many financial advisors are charging a fee for asset management but going much further than that with their clients through comprehensive planning.

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But nonetheless, if someone maintained the exact same portfolio and cadence of investments as someone did with an advisor charging them, the non-advised individual would end up with more money.

However, that is if they did the exact same thing. In many cases, an advisor’s value shines when things get tough. When the market sells off, when something like a Tariff Tantrum occurs, or when a life event unfolds are all instances in which people might look to get a little more tactical in their portfolios.

People are generally emotional and these emotions can drive some of the worst financial decisions. Imagine selling during COVID only to watch the market roar back. Same with the Tariff Tantrum. An advisor that was investing prudently and keeping their clients invested during short-term turmoil is likely worth their weight in gold. A psychological source of alpha, if you will. A barrier between a decision that could lead to a chain of trying to time markets versus staying the course and seeing the long-term vision.

Anyway, people are very fee sensitive lately. Except that same sensitivity hardly ever is highlighted at the portfolio level.

Here is the meme I posted that Fran commented on:

It seems to me that lots of people take issue with an advisor charging a fee. Yet at the fund level (ETFs & mutual funds) people seem much less inclined to take issue. I am not sure if that is due to people just generally overlooking the cost of the funds or if they truly do not care that the fund charges that amount.

Personally, I think a 3x inverse leveraged ETF that offers absolutely nothing but speculation costing the same as a true financial planner is pretty wild.

Now, onto Fran’s comment and to further the actual point here:

And this is where the irony comes in. People are taking issue with an advisor that charges 1%, yet their own portfolio is charging an overall expense ratio of .7%.

Look, if you’re fee sensitive, then be fee sensitive!! There are tons of different funds out there now and many of them are charging very nominal fees.

But being “anti-AUM fee” and having a portfolio that is being charged 70% of what a planner charges while offering absolutely nothing else is kind of ridiculous.

Again, planners are out here doing much more than just overseeing a portfolio. Here’s a list of items that I see on a regular basis:

Cash flow and budgeting: Whether someone is paid a salary consistently or paid massive commissions on a semi-annual basis, we plan around this.

Retirement planning: We’re running simulations to give better context around what someone’s actually building towards. “I want to be rich” is not a retirement plan. Adding context as to why we’re accumulating money and what it can afford us is massive.

Investment planning: Not only what we’re investing in but where are we investing. 401(k)s, HSA, Roth IRAs, brokerage accounts are all different avenues to building our asset base for retirement. Some look to real estate. It can get so granular from there on the tax planning front.

Tax planning: Are we exhausting all the avenues to be a tax efficient investor? Is the business we’re running capturing the tax advantages offered to business owners?

Estate planning: From basic estate planning documents to charity to trusts. This is one of the most interesting aspects of planning and it can get complex very quickly.

While it’d be nice if our ETFs were helping us with these aspects of our lives, they’re likely not. They are solely one small aspect.

For those of you who are fee sensitive, it might be worth taking a minute to check the expense ratios on your investments. You may be surprised as to what the funds are charging!

The argument for asset location.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 02 Sep 2026 13:11:07 GMT

Over the past 6-months, I have been doing some more research into asset location. Before we begin, it is important to note that asset location is different from asset allocation.

Asset allocation is usually focused on how our funds are invested. Take a 60/40 (60% stocks and 40% bonds) for example. That’s an example of asset allocation.

Asset location is where we are investing our funds. This could be a Roth IRA, pre-tax 401(k), brokerage account, HSA, etc.

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As people’s financial lives become more complex, there are opportunities that may arise. In my opinion, asset location can be impactful in specific instances. I’ll walk through those, but this strategy is likely more applicable to those who have built up some higher balances in their investment accounts.

To be a little more blunt, if someone had $20,000 across the board in different investment accounts, the idea of asset location might not really move the meter. For someone with $500,000 or more, it might just add a little more efficiency.

Some people are very against asset location. I understand why that is. The general argument revolves around the fact that asset location is heavily influenced by our ability to be confident in how different asset classes will perform.

Given we work with younger folks, I think that the time horizon plays into this. Of course, future returns are never guaranteed. Yet historically, we have some evidence to support that stocks tend to outperform bonds over long periods of time.

Additionally, I’d argue that things like direct indexing change the landscape. When there is an active tax-aware strategy being run in a taxable account, this can influence the impact of asset location.

Here’s a hypothetical scenario:

Investor A has a pre-tax 401(k) with $500,000 in it. They also have a $500,000 taxable account, allocated to direct indexing, that is actively seeking to generate losses. They also hold some old company stock that they’ve been hesitant to sell given the tax implications.

This investor would like to maintain an 80% stocks to 20% bond allocation.

They could allocate each of the accounts to an 80% stock and 20% bond portfolio.

Or… they could allocate the taxable account to a 100% equities portfolio and invest the 401(k) in a 60% stock and 40% bond portfolio.

This maintains the overall allocation of 80/20, but it stacks more equity power in the taxable account. This could potentially allow for more loss harvesting power.

Additionally, the fixed income position (which is largely associated with interest income) is now sheltered in the pre-tax account.

There are two main ways in which people execute on asset location.

There is the gross method, which does not take into account the future tax liability of the pre-tax funds and the net method which does. The example above would be the gross method.

Generally speaking, neglecting the future tax liability would make the portfolio outlined above slightly more risk-on than 80/20. However, in my experience, I have preferred the gross method as it is slightly more straightforward to understand so long as the additional risk is outlined clearly.

To help understand the example above using the net method, someone would need to assume an effective tax rate on the pre-tax dollars. Let’s use 25% for an example.

If 25% of the pre-tax account were to be directed towards taxes, that’d leave the investor with a net amount of $375,000 in the pre-tax account.

From there, we know that $200,000 of those net dollars need to be allocated to equities and the remainder would be allocated to fixed income.

Gross those back up and ~$266,667 of the pre-tax account would be equity focused and ~$233,333 would be fixed income or roughly 53% stocks and 47% bonds.

Now, there are a few instances in which I think asset location can seriously move the needle:

Our PE/VC friends with carried interest: Carried interest has the potential for LTCG treatment, meaning that any losses generated through the taxable account may have a significant impact on their current tax bills.
Large inherited IRAs subject to RMDs: When there is a large account that is inherited during peak earnings years, distributions can be subject to significant tax drag. This instance can lead to focusing less on growth within the account to mitigate the tax bite.
Concentrated, low basis stock: This is pretty typical of anyone who has been working at a Fortune 500 company in recent years. Some are not inclined to sell the position down for the tax bite alone. Getting more dollars into a loss harvesting vehicle while maintaining overall allocation may give them the losses they need to feel comfortable peeling back some of the low basis position.

As I mentioned, this is a slightly more aggressive tactic in that it does take future assumptions to execute. This is not necessarily a bad thing, it is just something that should be noted.

One of the most interesting aspects of something like this is that it is incredibly subjective. No two people would follow the same execution. They might abide by the overall rules, but their situation and location arrangement would likely be significantly different.

Value vs. Cost

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 13:00:36 GMT

A few weeks ago, I came across this tweet and it kind of upset me. I figured this week’s piece might help some folks out when it comes to budgeting.

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Here’s how it went:

This one really irked me because I think this is such a silly answer to give someone as a CFP® Professional. In a literal sense, if someone has a $9 latte per day habit, yeah, maybe that’s something to reconsider… especially if your office has free coffee.

But largely, the coffee argument is kind of silly. If the coffee is going to allow you to perform better at work, get locked in, and focus on building your career, then by all means go for it.

I start almost every single financial plan review with a cash flow analysis. This allows me to understand where funds are being directed. Taxes, retirement savings, housing expenses, non-retirement account savings, and expenses.

I don’t get into the nitty gritty of every credit card statement. I just want to know what amount someone needs to feel comfortable on a monthly basis.

I know people comfortable spending $3,000 per month and I know people that define comfort as something closer to $30,000 per month.

At the end of the day, who am I to pass judgment on how someone spends their money? In most cases, and especially for younger clients, I am much more concerned with how we grow income than how we erase a $5 expense such as a coffee.

Cutting expenses is a loser’s game to some extent. There is a literal floor in what we need to live on. Whereas earnings are potentially uncapped. Raises, promotions, bonuses, etc. can have a significant impact on our ability to save.

Of course building awareness around your expenses is important. I think that being frugal is much different than being cheap.

Here is what I’d encourage people to think about: Rather than the cost of something, think of the value it brings.

If you enjoy that expensive coffee, maybe it is a 2-3x per week treat. Getting it every single day could decrease the allure of it. Abundance can quickly change the “value” we perceive in something.

If going out to eat is something you’re doing frequently, maybe take a pause and really understand how much “value” you’re receiving from those experiences.

Going out to eat 4x per week may bring just the same amount of fulfillment as going out 3x per week. Maybe that fourth dinner out is really not moving the meter for you on that front.

Nonetheless, I think it’s important to not only track expenses, but also understand whether those expenses are actually worth it to us.

Not for an advisor to tell you, not for your parents to tell you, but do you truly find the value in what you’re spending money on?

If so, be my guest (so long as it is relatively responsible). There is absolutely no one who can tell you what your hobbies, interests, or passions should be. That’s for you to decide.

From there, you are the one responsible for making the decision as to the value of what you wish to spend your hard earned dollars on.

Gen Z is Gambling

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 12:57:34 GMT

Over the last few weeks, I have seen tons of coverage on the rise of Gen Z’s gambling habits. Specifically, around the fact that Gen Z is viewing gambling as part of their long-term financial strategy and even moving invested funds to a gambling platform.

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Eric Balchunas covered it here and the stats are kind of eye-popping. Now, I have a few thoughts on the topic.

Funny enough, I had the pleasure of speaking with MarketWatch and Barron’s on this topic.

The first thing that leads me to believe that young people are convincing themselves that they might be investing but actually gambling is the language many prediction markets are using.

These prediction market ads are everywhere. And they don’t want you to gamble… they want you to “buy contracts on the outcome.” AKA gamble.

Yet they use words like “trade” and “contract” that give the user this feeling that they are participating in some financially complex market. When at the end of the day, buying the Knicks at $.50 or taking the Knicks moneyline at +100 is the exact same thing.

Masking a gamble with this language is, in my opinion, quite dangerous.

Back to Eric’s post now. I have a few thoughts around this.

For one, Gen Z spans from 14-year-olds to 29-year-olds. This is quite the age range. We’re talking about someone married with a child versus someone in 8th or 9th grade.

I have no data to back this assumption, but I am sure many college aged kids who are now eligible to participate on gambling or prediction platforms legitimately do think these avenues may play into their financial well-being. There might be a maturity aspect at play here.

Secondly, we have to consider the nature of this generation’s investments. They may not even have 401(k)s yet. There is likely a large amount of people who are still figuring out that they are terrible at trading and trying to time markets. Looking to day trade, buy speculative options or the next meme stock is akin to gambling in my view.

If money is rotating from a speculative trading account into a gamble… has the strategy really changed? I’d argue it hasn’t.

I’d love to see where this money was directed from. Was it something like a Roth IRA? Or was this from someone’s “YOLO” trading account.

Finally, I have seen ample chatter around the fact that Gen Z is not drinking at the same pace their predecessors were. Yet, we’re also seeing that they are more inclined to gamble.

Is this swapping one vice for another? It just might be.

To my Gen Z peers, be diligent out there. Convincing yourself that gambling is going to be the avenue to your financial success can be misleading and can bring an enormous amount of risk into your life.

It may feel like you’ve been backed into a corner with the cost of rent and living lately. But accumulating assets and investing prudently is a time tested avenue to wealth.

Cost basis is a part of your portfolio.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 12 Aug 2026 13:02:32 GMT

I wanted to shed some light on a topic that is likely much more relevant to investors who are DIYers. As a professional, this is something that I always take into account as I believe it is a core component of portfolio management when it comes to taxable brokerage accounts.

Today’s topic: cost basis.

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Our cost basis is the price we paid for an asset. If I buy $100 worth of a stock, that value is important and it will dictate tax implications upon selling. Sell above $100 and I have a gain, below $100 and I have a loss.

However, things can get a little more complex as we dollar-cost average. If someone were investing monthly for 5 years, they’d have 60 different tax lots. If they reinvested their dividends, they’d have even more lots.

When it comes time to sell, the lots will dictate the gain or loss realized, which impacts us on a net basis as this will lead to a taxable event.

Generally speaking, there are 3 main ways in which custodians will log a sale. FIFO, first-in first-out. LIFO, last-in first-out. And my personal favorite, individual/specific lot identification.

FIFO will have the first shares ever purchased sold first. Over long time periods, we could assume that the earliest positions likely have some of the largest embedded gains.

LIFO will have the most recent shares ever purchased sold first. Because the last shares are going to be sold, an investor may find themselves realizing short-term gains with no intention of doing so.

Finally, specific lot identification can allow us to choose exactly which shares we want to sell.

Side note: Unless otherwise indicated, a custodian may have a default setting. This is where some individual investors go wrong. I’d much prefer the flexibility of choosing exactly which shares I am going to sell.

There are many advantages to the specific lot ID method and they pretty much all revolve around tax.

In high income years, it may make sense to liquidate shares that will have the smallest gains, leading to as little tax drag as possible.

For some that are taking extended periods away from work, they may look to gain harvesting. In which shares with the largest gains are sold in hopes of achieving the 0% LTCG tax bracket, effectively harvesting the gain with little to no tax implications at all.

At the end of the day, any chance we get to put more personalization in our hands, I’m looking to do so. But this one instance is something that can fly under the radar for DIY investors.

Stacking the odds in our favor is one of the best ways to get ahead in personal finance.

The Options Gurus

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 13:01:15 GMT

The internet loves to flaunt strategies that offer higher returns without indicating the additional risk these strategies bring.

This week, I came across a post on X that really got me going. I see a lot of financial content on that platform. This one piece ended up circulating around and naturally, it was one of the options course “gurus” touting a put writing strategy.

They claimed that they are doubling the use of their funds and quietly bringing their annualized 10-11% returns to 25%.

Right away, I was irked. The strategy, a “portfolio-secured” put strategy, glossed right over the additional risk.

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So, let’s walk through the strategy real quick. Remember, anything with options can be slightly higher level. Options can create additional risk and complexity when it comes to a portfolio.

This particular strategy revolves around using a portfolio to secure a written put option. When we write put options, we tend to be paid a premium. This premium is the reward for the obligation to purchase someone else’s shares in the event the underlying security trades at or below that value.

For a quick example, assume we sell a put option on ZZZ security, which trades at $50. The strike price we chose to sell is $40 and we were paid $2 for selling this put.

In the event ZZZ goes to $40 or below ($30, $20, etc.) we are obligated to purchase 100 shares for every contract we sold in the event of assignment.

It is set in stone that throughout the duration of the contract, we are obligated to purchase the shares if the shares reach that $40 level or lower.

(Many people do enjoy writing cash-secured puts. This is different from the strategy outlined above. For some, they would love to own ZZZ at $40, but maybe it isn’t there yet and is still at $50. They would essentially say, “I’d love to own these shares at $40, and I can make some premium while I wait to see if I can buy the shares with cash in the event they come down to $40.”)

But this is where the scenario I saw begins to deviate. The gentleman expressed that his puts are “portfolio-secured” not cash secured. Calling the puts portfolio-secured doesn’t eliminate any of the risks. Rather, it means that his portfolio is supporting the potential obligation created by the puts which is adding a layer of risk. On top of that, the risk is actually correlated.

This means that in the event he were assigned to purchase the shares of the puts he sold, he may have to liquidate a certain amount of his existing portfolio or deposit additional cash to purchase those shares.

Might sound good on paper, right? And I won’t even say this is not a viable strategy, I will, however, say that the gentleman egregiously understated the risks involved.

So, basically, here’s how this goes wrong. The market sells off significantly. The existing portfolio loses a lot of value, and all of a sudden, you’re on the hook to buy shares above the value they are currently trading at.

Essentially, the risk is correlated. As share prices decrease, the odds of being assigned the put also increase. The value of the put also increases, meaning to close out the put before the risk of assignment, the put may be more expensive than we sold it for. This is how the strategy adds risk to a portfolio.

Lots of pieces to the pie that can quickly work against us. Imagine watching a portfolio lose 50% of its value and then being on the hook to buy shares at $40 (although this is more like $38 when accounting for the $2 premium received) even though the underlying stock is trading at $20.

Here’s exactly how I would explain a strategy like this:

Now, again, this isn’t to say the strategy isn’t viable. It is to say that we must understand the additional risks.

Premiums from selling options don’t come from thin air. In the event of the written put, it is quite literally selling someone else insurance on their portfolio. They have transferred risk from themselves to you!

Be diligent out there. There is a ton of financial education online. Combing through this information to ensure you are getting qualified education is so important, especially when it comes to portfolio management.

I’d bet that if someone were able to attain 25% annualized returns on a consistent basis, they sure would not be selling a course on options trading. They’d likely be running billions of dollars at an institutional scale because everyone and their mother would be signing up to achieve those returns.

Major Changes

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 29 Jul 2026 13:00:55 GMT

I won’t bury the lead here. After 5 years, I am capitulating and moving to NYC. I’m actually pretty excited about it in all honesty.

Nonetheless, this is a major change for me. Specifically, in regard to the financials. My cost of living will rise pretty significantly.

I figured I could walk everyone through how I have gone about this move. It is not uncommon to see young professionals live dynamic lives. For better or worse, our finances can dictate some of these changes.

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Let’s get to it.

Cash Reserve: I just had the absolute pleasure of making my security deposit and paying the first month’s rent. My current lease doesn’t end until the end of August and my last rent payment was due this week as well.

That’s some serious outflow and exactly why I think a cash reserve is so important. My cash reserve padded me for these pretty significant expenses. One-time expenses like these are exactly the purpose of the reserve.

Savings Rate: I will have to adjust my current automated savings. It pains me to see it go down, but as I always encourage my young professional peers, putting yourself in the best place to grow your earnings may very well outweigh an additional few bucks saved each month.

Rent will increase by 67% (67, nice). This is obviously a major change but through careful planning, I know that adjusting my current savings rate will allow me to comfortably cover this on a monthly basis.

For the time being, I have turned off my automatic contributions to my brokerage account. (Don’t worry, retirement savings are intact!) This is purely temporary and will likely last 2-3 months.

This is going to allow me to tune into my cash flow and handle any other one-off expenses like buying furniture, moving costs, etc.

I know that most would say, “Pay yourself first, Cliff!” And they aren’t wrong. But these one-off expenses are likely to be significant over the next couple of months. I’d prefer to have the cash flow support me during the transitionary period.

Budgeting: While I’m personally not a fan of spreadsheet budgeting, I will be closely eyeing my total expenses.

The main purpose of this is to differentiate one-time expenses and recurring lifestyle expenses. Buying a new bed frame is a one-time deal. Getting a meal with my pals on a Friday is something I hope to do every week.

Being able to identify the one-offs will allow me to grasp what amount of money I need to feel comfortable on a monthly basis.

From there, I’ll be able to understand if I am living on less than my monthly income. I can then begin directing funds back to my brokerage.

Personal finance is of course, personal. There are ample ways to go about a big change. This is what works for me!

The planning before the move:

One of the biggest concerns with a move like this can be the overall affordability. I knew exactly my upper limits on what rent needed to be in order for me to maintain what I’d deem a comfortable savings rate and a comfortable personal expense figure.

This is super important because it lets me outline the changes that will occur prior to the actual move.

Essentially, I said to myself, “If rent is $X, how much does that leave me on a monthly basis for my own expenses? Does it leave me with any capacity for savings?”

From there, I used my net paycheck amount to fully grasp my spending power but there is always the unknown of moving to a new place. I’m aware that the first few months will be expensive, which is exactly why I am giving myself some grace when it comes to monthly investments.

Personal finance is largely about levers. In my own scenario, I built multiple levers that I can lean on during this time such as my cash reserve and temporarily adjusting my savings rate.

Next time a big change is coming your way, make sure to take a second to pause and think how this might play out financially. I can honestly tell you that I personally feel much more confident having outlined all my parameters and trying to understand the monthly adjustment beforehand.

This is where planning can be so useful. Life is constantly changing. In many cases, our finances dictate the extent of those changes. Having a plan before the event can reduce a lot of the financial stress associated with a big change!

The Advice I Wish I Had at 20.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 13:07:23 GMT

The other day, I was at a little happy hour and one of my friends brought their interns. We had an absolute blast and it was refreshing to see some college aged kids so passionate about where they worked and what they were working on.

Anyway, one of the younger guys approached me and asked what I did for work. I told him I was a financial advisor and that I was introduced to his director through mutual friends in the space.

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Then he just flat out asked me, “What’s the best advice you could give someone in my position? Contribute to a Roth IRA?”

While a Roth IRA is an amazing idea, my advice had nothing to do with where to invest, how to invest, or what to invest in.

I replied with the following: “If you truly want to become wealthy, I’d focus much more on your ability to increase your income than almost anything else at your age.”

I think this caught my new friend off guard. I assume they expected me to say something along the lines of saving a percentage of income, using tax-advantaged savings vehicles, or automating investments.

And all of these things are awesome. But in all honesty, the advice I wish I had when I was 20 is exactly what I told him.

I think this goes a long way for young professionals. Especially those who are willing to bet on themselves.

Obviously, I am not saying don’t save or don’t worry about expenses and go wild. I am saying that when it comes to things that really move the meter, income is largely the path of least resistance.

Trading a $5,000 portfolio into $10,000 could require tons of luck and risk. Whereas a $5,000 raise in salary could be much lower hanging fruit.

Personally, I wish that when I was in my early 20’s, I focused much more on my career capital than I did trying to be exceptionally frugal and save every last dime. From my own experience, this was a losing game. I lost out on experience, time, and sanity.

I think back on my mindset then and it was almost completely backwards. The ability to put another $50 away each month should’ve been outweighed ten-fold by the opportunity of building a network, finding new clients, and nurturing professional relationships.

As my income has grown and as I became more confident in my own professional abilities, I now know that the biggest tailwind to my financial life is likely my ability to earn more.

I truly believe that all young professionals should consider their income trajectory. It will likely be the biggest driver in their ability to attain wealth. From there, consistent increases in savings goes a long way. But the income has to be there before we can make further savings.

Mid-Year Market Update

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 12:58:34 GMT

Last week, I was joined by none other than Hardika Singh of Fundstrat for a mid-year market review.

Hardika is an economic strategist at Fundstrat, and her insights are always something I value. Her research is absolutely next level and is usually my first read of the day.

If you don’t know Hardika, her credentials and experience speak for themselves. She previously wrote for Bloomberg and was a markets reporter at WSJ. She is actively studying for her CFA level II exam, as well.

Before we dive into the details of our mid-year review, I highly recommend keeping tabs on Hardika’s work. You can find her insights on X and follow her professional updates on LinkedIn.

To follow our conversation, I have italicized all of Hardika’s commentary and my questions are in bold:

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Cliff: I’d love to hear your thoughts about rotation. The Mag 7 trade looks dried up right now.

Hardika: I wrote about the Mag 7 recently, yes, they have been stocks that have just underperformed so massively that it is just astounding at this point. They’ve underperformed even though they’ve spent so much money. And yes, they are cheap right now, but that’s not the only factor that makes them interesting at this moment. Fundstrat head of research, Tom Lee, has rated Magnificent Seven as one of his top picks for the year.

So, I have kept a close eye on them. And the biggest factor that supports the view that Mag 7 may be in a transitional period right now is the fact that AI isn’t in their core thesis. AI is feeding into their core thesis, but it is not the only thing that they’re running on. If you look at the performance of memory stocks in the past month, I think investors are starting to realize that memory and storage names are very volatile.

If seeing a 20% drop in a month makes you nervous, I think you should probably think about diversifying. The Mag 7 could be seen as a “safety trade” given their maturity. Another thing that I’ve kind of noticed is: How cheap they look right now on a forward earnings gap basis. The gap between the Mag 7 and the S&P 500 is the narrowest since early 2023. So at some point, it’s kind of worth asking: Have the prices become cheap enough for you to start buying them?

I don’t particularly see that the Magnificent Seven could go down so much more from here, especially if memory continues to be volatile. But I do think that there needs to be a catalyst for them to do well.

Cliff: Right, that makes sense. And I think that a lot of investors, especially younger investors, may be unaware of what’s going on under the hood of the S&P 500. I think that thus far, year to date, we had a great first half of the year for the S&P 500, yet the Mag 7 lagged throughout and was about flat. What does that mean to you when you see this more broad participation amongst the market, is that a good sign? Is that a sign of a healthy market or is that something that you’re keeping an eye on?

Hardika: It’s a very healthy sign. You never want to have just a handful of stocks leading the market to all-time highs. That is not a sustainable sign. But recently we have seen a greater number of stocks participating from all kinds of things, financials, industrials, and healthcare.

I haven’t been able to figure out an exact reason for why these stocks are doing so well right now other than the fact that this is just a rotation. And again, it goes back to show that investors were in tech for such a long time they sort of forgot about all these other sectors. They were very unloved and then memory started coming down hard, and it sort of forced investors to reckon with the fact that they had built so much exposure to tech, and it wasn’t healthy.

They realized they need to cut down a little bit and rotate into some of the other areas. So, it’s always a good to see that.

What I am concerned about is that these top names are so heavy, you still do need them to rally in order for the S&P 500 to keep pushing through. It’s great that financials and healthcare are doing well and hitting all-time highs, but is it going to push the S&P 500 to 8,000 points? No, they’re a very small weight of the index.

So, I do want to see some of the Mag 7 here start to lead the market again, and the semiconductor names, as well. I think that’s a possibility we’re going to have because if we look at historical data, whenever we’ve seen some such volatile sell offs in semiconductor shares in the next one-month, three-month and six-month periods, they’ve come back with huge gains. This is just historical data. So, I think if you look at that as a sort of a reference, it bodes well for the future.

Cliff: So, this is much different than 2023 in which the S&P 500 was essentially flat outside of being carried by the Mag 7. This is almost the inverse of that. But it’s providing you more comfort in that there’s more participation amongst sectors, smaller companies, and this idea of growth in the S&P 500 is not being driven by just such a small subset.

Hardika: Yes. I think it’s weird because at that time we were all saying, oh my gosh, I wish there were some other stocks leading the market higher. And now it’s, it’s completely flipped right where it’s like can you outperform again? So yeah, they were, they were such big leaders for such a long time, and I think at some point, the trade just got ahead of itself. That’s why we’re seeing a diversified rally now, which is great, but we need larger stocks to participate, as well.

Cliff: Walk me through the economy. I’d love to hear some K-shape inputs so my readers can understand what that is. Because to me, I say to people a lot of times that with this idea of inflation, if you own assets or if you’re earning income that is at least in line or outpacing inflation, inflation can be seen as an inconvenience.

For earners and asset owners, they have a privilege in that they can call inflation an inconvenience versus somebody who has not seen any wage growth. This is almost devastating. Over the last five years, if your wages haven’t kept pace with inflation, you’re feeling that on a monthly basis.

That’s what I think of when I think of the K-shape where it’s almost a tailwind to asset owners, yet it can be devastating to those that aren’t either accumulating assets or keeping their income on pace with inflation. So, for my audience, that’s my indicator as to why it is so important to become asset owners. We want to be participating in markets to any extent we can.

Hardika: 100%. I think time and time again everyone has said stocks are your best bet against inflation, not gold, even though I know young people are fawning over gold at the moment. But it’s not gold, not bonds, it’s only stocks, purely stocks.

And dollar cost averaging obviously is the best way to do it for most of the people who are looking to set it and forget it.

But I think this is one of the most fragile K-shaped economies because the stock market has done so well and that has made the K-shaped economy that much wider and led to this divergence.

If you think about it, the K-shaped economy is basically this divide between higher income and lower income. Let’s start with higher income. The reason why they’re higher income is because stocks have done so well, and they’re feeling emboldened by their stock holdings.

If my company stock goes up 100%, yeah, I’ll get guac with my Chipotle order. Why not? You know. Yeah, I’ll make that a large vanilla latte. I don’t care. I feel emboldened. Emboldened to spend more. But that is not good for the lower income because they are not asset owners, like you said.

So if you look at the data: The top 1% hold 50% of stocks versus the bottom 50% own 1% of stocks. That is a huge divide. That is a very uneven divide. And I think that’s what’s causing lower income to get crushed even more. And as terrible as it to say this, this analysis shows that it doesn’t matter what happens to their spending because as long as stocks can keep going up, the upper part of the K can continue to be strong because it’s masking the weakness at the bottom.

So, it doesn’t matter what happens to the lower income as much as it does to what happens to the top. And there are signs that the stock market can continue to be strong. This still remains a secular bull run. So, I don’t really foresee the upper part of the K falling down anytime soon. That’s the most interesting thing to me. But yes, own stocks. This is the best way to beat inflation. There’s nothing else.

Cliff: That is a great insight to the economy. I could definitely see how this is being propped up by high earners and asset owners. To finish this off, I want to hear what you think the most overhyped financial topic of 2026 has been thus far.

Hardika: I’m going to come out with a hot take and say that the SpaceX hype ain’t it.

I think everybody hyped it up so much and everybody was saying it’s oversubscribed. I think you have to be very careful about what you’re paying for a company. Because what could make SpaceX’s price go up in the near term? It’s not going to be profitable for a very long time. They’ve said this in their S1. They don’t know if they’ll ever become profitable. If a company is boldly proclaiming they’ll never be profitable, as an investor, why would I buy it? I don’t understand.

Yeah, it’s basic investing 101. You should buy companies that are profitable or hoping to become profitable, but SpaceX proudly proclaims they’re not going to be profitable. That’s very worrisome to me.

And also, it’s concerning that we’ve seen such a terrible performance from SpaceX when the lockups haven’t even expired. We have another year to go until the lockups fully expire. So, what happens then? I think this is just a stock that is facing the path most IPOs do in the first year where they have very volatile, poor performance. SpaceX is no different. And I think that means that investors should be careful.

You shouldn’t treat it as a special stock. You shouldn’t apply a special premium to it—the Elon premium— because it’s literally trading like a regular stock.

Cliff: Given the SpaceX IPO and a lot of other mega IPOs slated for 2026, 2027, how would you tell a young investor to navigate the waters of an OpenAI, an Anthropic, any of these other big IPOs that are very, very hyped up and they seem to be a little bit Frothy after watching SpaceX very recently, what would you tell a young investor about these mega IPOs?

Hardika: These are great companies at the end of the day, and that extends to SpaceX, as well. I do think that they are trying to do something that’s never been achieved before. OpenAI is literally a leader in the AI space. We wouldn’t have anything if it wasn’t for them and Anthropic.

But I think these are companies that you have had to get in very, very early on. And most of the people who are buying publicly are buying when most of the value of this company has been made already or a good chunk of it anyway.

I think that if you were an employee at Anthropic and you got stock there and then it goes to market, you are probably having a great time. But I think if you’re buying it publicly on the secondary market, you have to be ready for some volatility and that is a trade you should think about twice before making because we literally haven’t seen any IPO do well in the past year and a half.

Cliff: Interesting. So, you would say to a young investor: “look, if you’re a long term investor, make sure you size it properly, be ready to hold for the long-term and be ready for volatility.” Otherwise, if you’re a little apprehensive or you’re unsure, maybe let these companies mature a little bit as far as being public companies. Maybe get to an earnings call, maybe get to a full year’s worth of earnings calls and see how things look before making a decision. I love that.

Hardika: Yeah, I completely agree. I think people need to be a little bit more prudent here.

Cliff: I think you’re totally right in saying that people should be more prudent and understanding that some of these companies can look more speculative than investment-like.

Huge shoutout to Hardika for sitting with me to go through some of the things she’s keeping her eye on as an economic strategist. Make sure to follow her on LinkedIn for more of her content!

*Hardika Singh is employed by Fundstrat Global Advisors, LLC and her views are solely her opinion. This newsletter does not constitute an endorsement of Fundstrat by Bone Fide Wealth.

Disclosures: https://fsinsight.com/disclosures/hardika-singh/

There are ways to be a tax-efficient W-2 employee.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 08 Jul 2026 13:04:47 GMT

So many employees have this preconceived notion that given they are not a business owner, there is little opportunity to be tax efficient. But this would be a myth. Sure, they may have less optionality relative to their business owner counterparts, yet there are ample avenues to tax efficiency.

Today, I wanted to outline a few different ways in which I see W-2 employees find tax advantages.

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401(k)s, 403(b)s, 457(b)s:

The slew of employer sponsored retirement plans. If you’ve been following me, you know the advantages of these accounts. Many allow both pre-tax and Roth contributions and they can be very useful when looking to build up retirement savings. Just note that 457(b) plans can vary depending on whether the plan is governmental or non-governmental.

HSAs:

Health savings accounts are available to those that are enrolled in a qualifying high-deductible health plan. HSAs are arguably the most tax advantaged account out there at the federal level. When they are established as a Section 125 Cafeteria plan, they can even avoid FICA. Contributions are made on a pre-tax basis, the funds grow tax-deferred, and they can be distributed tax-free for qualified medical expenses.

For more information on HSAs check out this old post here!

NQDC (Non-qualified deferred compensation) plans:

These types of plans are usually offered to highly compensated employees at certain companies. An NQDC works similarly to a 401(k), yet it does not have contribution limits. The drawback to these accounts is that they are bound by the same ERISA requirement a 401(k) plan would be and they can be subject to creditors’ claims in the event the company goes belly up. For some highly compensated employees at stable and established companies, the risk of forfeiture is worth the potential reward of deferring taxes!

Tax-loss harvesting and direct indexing:

I’ve written numerous times on the potential tax benefits of tax-loss harvesting as well as how direct indexing can aid in this process.

Losses have economic value! They are asymmetrical as well! Short-term capital gains can be offset by long-term capital losses!

For more TLH and direct indexing coverage, be sure to check out this old post: The evolution of investing.

Asset Location:

Asset location is another avenue to tax-efficiency. Essentially, this is using different types of accounts to hold different assets. For a high level example, a tax-deferred account such as a Traditional IRA or 401(k) may hold assets that have annually taxable components to them (think dividends, interest, etc.). Whereas a Roth IRA, which will hopefully never be subject to tax may be skewed more towards assets that are believed to grow more rapidly given the funds can be distributed entirely free of tax after age 59.5.

Some believe asset location to have too many assumptions around the performance of asset classes. And this is not an invalid argument. But there are nuanced instances in which I have seen asset location move the meter significantly in practice.

These 5 different avenues to tax efficiency can be very helpful to W-2 employees. But it does not stop there. Here’s an additional list for those that are curious:

Mega Backdoor Roth
Strategic Roth conversions
Charitable donations and strategic bunching
Equity compensation planning and holding period advantages
529 Plans that allow for state tax deductions
Employer sponsored commuter benefit plans

While W-2 employees may not have all the potential tax advantages that business owners have, there is still a lot of opportunity to optimize for taxes.

Knowing which solutions are out there is a start. From there, it is all about tailoring the avenues for tax efficiency according to what works for you!

Sneaky Roth IRA Mistakes

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 12:55:46 GMT

Roth IRAs can be some of the most advantageous retirement accounts out there. In my experience, the Roth IRA is where most young professionals look to begin saving for retirement.

However, there are certain things that some may be unaware of when it comes to contributing to the Roth IRA. There are workarounds as well, but those workarounds can come with a bunch more hurdles.

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First off, there are income limitations that dictate one’s eligibility for outright contributions to a Roth IRA.

For 2026, Modified Adjusted Gross Income must be below $153,000 to make a full contribution as a single filer. For married couples, MAGI must be below $242,000.

Now, one nuance is that there is a phaseout range. When MAGI exceeds $168,000 for single filers or $252,000 for married couples, they are entirely phased out from making contributions to the Roth IRA.

This is by far the most common mistake I see. People are unaware of the income limitations or the phaseout entirely but they make a Roth contribution anyways.

Then we get into the headache.

There are generally two different ways to undo the Roth contribution and each has their own consequences.

The timely correction: done within the tax-filing deadline
Untimely corrections: done after the tax filing deadline

Timely corrections can allow for the excess contribution to be distributed. The distribution generally includes the excess contributions as well as the earnings (or net income attributable to the contribution) on the funds. The earnings can be subject to tax, although they can avoid the 10% early withdrawal penalty.

Untimely corrections can result in a 6% annual excise tax on the overcontributed amount until it is removed. This can become a serious drag and should be tended to as quickly as possible.

Now, one more pitfall when it comes to the Roth IRA revolves around the Backdoor Roth.

The Backdoor Roth is like the gateway drug to personal finance. It is a relatively simple maneuver, yet there are a few nuances that I feel are glossed over too often.

The Backdoor Roth entails an after-tax contribution to a Traditional IRA and then having the funds converted to a Roth IRA. For those that exceed the MAGI limitations, this is usually how funding a Roth IRA on an annual basis can occur.

This works well when there are no pre-tax dollars in any existing IRAs, but when there are existing pre-tax balances in any type of IRA, the pro-rata rule comes into play and can make the conversion taxable.

Here’s the most common mistake I see when it comes to Roth conversions that leads to a taxable event.

An individual facilitates a Roth conversion early in the year. They had no pre-tax balances in any IRAs at the time. Looks like a clean conversion, right?

Well, mid-year, they change jobs and roll their pre-tax 401(k) to a Traditional IRA and maintain that pre-tax balance as of 12/31 of that year.

December 31st is the date the IRS uses to dictate whether someone had a pre-tax balance in their IRA. Not the date of conversion.

This results in the conversion that was executed earlier in the year becoming taxable on a pro-rated basis. A great idea and enough awareness to execute on the strategy results in exactly what one was looking to avoid due to an executional nuance.

When it comes to personal finance, understanding a strategy conceptually can look much different than the nuance associated with execution and it is so important to be aware of these nuances.

Be diligent when looking to execute on some of these concepts. There may be more than meets the eye!

I’m not sold on homeownership leading to wealth.

Clifford Cornell, CFP® — Wed, 24 Jun 2026 12:51:46 GMT

Homeownership is a recurring topic as of late! Many young people just feel like this housing market stalemate is not coming to an end.

And to add salt to the wound, you’ll see things like this floating around on the internet.

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Many of us know that our parents and grandparents may have a solid portion of their net worth tied into their home values. For some, it can make up the overwhelming majority of their net worth!

People constantly tell us that buying a home is a great “investment” but they usually leave out a lot of additional headwinds people face when owning versus renting. As one of the primary sources of wealth in America, it may seem like homeownership is the driver of wealth.

But I’d argue the opposite. I’d make the case that wealth is a driver of home ownership.

I recently came across this study from Aspen Institute and two pieces of data stuck out to me like a sore thumb.

On average, homeowners have a net worth that is 40x greater than renters.
If home equity is stripped from the net worth, homeowners still have a net worth 20x larger than renters.

So, with that, I’d argue that homeownership is a byproduct of building good habits around money, savings, and investments.

NOT that homeownership drives people to become wealthier. Although, of course it may play a part in the overall picture, I don’t think that wealth is a byproduct of homeownership.

I mean think about it, to make a downpayment and get approved for a mortgage, we have to have a very solid foundation around our personal finances.

A home itself doesn’t give us the wherewithal to save for a down payment, lower our debt to income ratios, and save more money. All of those things should come prior to buying a home.

While owning a home could assist in compounding our wealth as it is an asset, it usually doesn’t mean that it creates the financial foundation required to be a homeowner in the first place.

So, next time someone tells you that homeownership leads to wealth, you might want to ask if they’re putting the cart before the horse!

PS: Here’s a funny little comment someone left me when I posted about this on X.

“The average net worth of country club members is also higher than non-members.”

Was it the country club that led to that? I’d say no!